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<title>Space Systems Command</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Systems Command</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Space_Division_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Space Division (disambiguation)">Space Division</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Space Systems Command</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><div class="infobox-caption">Space Systems Command emblem</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">13 August 2021 (3 years, 11 months)<br><i>as Space Systems Command</i>

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Established on 20 Mar 1961 and organized on 1 Apr 1961</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Field_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Field command">Field command</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data">

<ul><li><a href="Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Space development</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_acquisition" title="Military acquisition">Space acquisition</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Space logistics</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">10,000 personnel<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">

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</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="forced-color-adjust:none; background-color:#FFBF3F; color:black;"> </span> <a href="Gold_(color)" title="Gold (color)">Gold</a><sup id="cite_ref-SSC_Emblem_Final_Reveal_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSC_Emblem_Final_Reveal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Decorations</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Organizational_Excellence_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational Excellence Award">Air Force Organization Excellence Award</a><sup id="cite_ref-lineage_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lineage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssc.spaceforce.mil">ssc.spaceforce.mil</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Commander</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lt Gen</a> <a href="Philip_Garrant" title="Philip Garrant">Philip Garrant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Deputy Commander</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Col</a> Andrew S. Menschner</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Senior Enlisted Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Chief_Master_Sergeant" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Master Sergeant">CMSgt</a> Jacqueline Sauvé<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="Flag_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Flag of the United States Space Force">Flag</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Space Systems Command</b> (<b>SSC</b>) is the <a href="United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a>'s <a href="Research_and_development" title="Research and development">space development</a>, <a href="Military_acquisition" title="Military acquisition">acquisition</a>, <a href="Space_launch" title="Space launch">launch</a>, and <a href="Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">logistics</a> <a href="Field_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Field command">field command</a>. It is headquartered at <a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a>, and manages the United States' <a href="Space_launch_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Space launch range">space launch ranges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Air_Research_and_Development_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Research and Development Command">Air Research and Development Command</a> was redesignated as Air Force Systems Command in 1961. As part of that reorganization, the <b>Space Systems Division</b> (<b>SSD</b>) was established on 20 Mar 1961 and organized (activated) on 1 Apr 1961. In 1967, the Space Systems Division was reorganized as the <b>Space and Missile Systems Organization</b> (<b>SAMSO</b>), absorbing the Ballistic Systems Division's mission. In 1979, the Space and Missile Systems Organization was renamed the <b>Space Division</b> and divested itself of ballistic missile development. In 1989, the Space Division returned to its historic name of the <b>Space Systems Division</b> and regained its ballistic missile development role in 1990.

</p><p>With the merger of Air Force Systems Command and <a href="Air_Force_Logistics_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Logistics Command">Air Force Logistics Command</a> in 1992, the Space Systems Division was redesignated the <b>Space and Missile Systems Center</b> (<b>SMC</b>). In 2001 the SMC was reassigned to <a href="Air_Force_Space_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Space Command">Air Force Space Command</a>, remaining attached through its redesignation as <a href="Space_Operations_Command" title="Space Operations Command">Space Operations Command</a> in October 2020. On 22 April 2021, it changed status from a U.S. Air Force unit to a <a href="United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">U.S. Space Force</a> unit and was reassigned from Space Operations Command to Headquarters United States Space Force. On 13 August 2021, the Space and Missile Systems Center was upgraded into a Space Force field command, named Space Systems Command.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lineage_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lineage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Following the launch of <a href="Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a> by the Soviet Union in October 1957, the <a href="Eisenhower_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower administration">Eisenhower administration</a> attempted to centralize all military and civil space programs in the <a href="Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a>. Responsibility for those programs was returned to the individual services in September 1959. The <a href="U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> was designated lead service for <a href="Communication_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication satellite">communication satellites</a>, the <a href="U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> for <a href="Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">navigation satellites</a>, and the <a href="U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> for <a href="Spy_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy satellite">reconnaissance and surveillance satellites</a> and <a href="Space_launch_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Space launch vehicle">space launch vehicles</a>. This split arrangement lasted until March 1961, when Secretary of Defense <a href="Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> assigned the Air Force a near‑monopoly on military space development, with the exception of reconnaissance programs, which were passed to the <a href="National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_Office20031_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_Office20031-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_and_missile_development_1961-1990">Space and missile development 1961-1990</h3></div>

<p>On 1 April 1961, Air Research and Development Command was reorganized as <a href="Air_Force_Systems_Command" title="Air Force Systems Command">Air Force Systems Command</a>. Space and missile programs had grown to the point where the <a href="Air_Force_Ballistic_Missile_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Ballistic Missile Division">Air Force Ballistic Missile Division</a> was split on 1 April 1961, with space systems under the Space Systems Division and missile programs under the Ballistic Systems Division.<sup id="cite_ref-lineage_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lineage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Space Systems Division, still located at <a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Air Force Station">Los Angeles Air Force Station</a>, carried on the Ballistic Missile Division's development of the <a href="Titan_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan III">Titan III</a> space launch vehicle, which was initiated in 1961 and first flow on 1 September 1964. The <a href="Titan_IIIA" title="Titan IIIA">Titan IIIA</a> consisted of a modified Titan II ballistic missile with a <a href="Transtage" title="Transtage">Transtage</a> upper stage. The <a href="Titan_IIIC" title="Titan IIIC">Titan IIIC</a> was first launched from <a href="Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a> on 18 June 1965 and used two large solid rocket booster. The Space Systems Division also developed the <a href="Titan_IIIB" title="Titan IIIB">Titan IIIB</a> and provided NASA with <a href="Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">Titan II GLVs</a> for <a href="Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a> and developed the <a href="Agena_target_vehicle" title="Agena target vehicle">Agena target vehicle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_Office200326_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_Office200326-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1963, the Space Systems Division began the <a href="Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">Defense Support Program</a>, which was intended to succeed where MIDAS failed and create an orbital constellation of infrared missile warning sensors. It also continued developing the <a href="Vela_(satellite)" title="Vela (satellite)">Vela</a> nuclear detonation detection satellites. The Vela satellite network came out of an Air Force Ballistic Missile Division–<a href="United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a>–NASA agreement in 1960 to develop a high-altitude nuclear detection system to ensure compliance with the <a href="Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a>. The Atomic Energy Commission flew test detectors on Space Systems Division Discoverer satellites and the first Vela satellites were launched on an Atlas-Agena on 16 October 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_Office200339_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_Office200339-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Space Systems Division also began development on the <a href="Defense_Meteorological_Support_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Meteorological Support Program">Defense Meteorological Support Program</a> (DMSP). The DMSP Block 1 satellites were launched on a <a href="Scout_X-2" title="Scout X-2">Scout X-2</a> rocket in 1962, however the other four launch attempts failed. Further DMSP Block I launches were conducted on the <a href="Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">Thor-Agena</a> and <a href="Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">Thor-Burner</a> boosters. The Thor-Burner also launched the DMSP Block II and DMSP Block III satellites, which provided weather reconnaissance during the <a href="Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The Block 4 satellites first launched in 1966. The Army Signal Corps' project SCORE, launched by the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division in 1958, was the world's first communications satellite but intended as a proof of concept. The Army Signal Corps followed by launching <a href="Courier_1B" title="Courier 1B">Courier 1B</a> on an Air Force Ballistic Missile Division <a href="Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">Thor-Ablestar</a> in 1960, but it failed after 17 days in orbit. The Space Systems Division began development on the <a href="Initial_Defense_Communications_Satellite_Program" title="Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program">Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program</a> (IDCSP) in 1962, launching constellations from 1966 to 1968. the IDCSP, also known as the Defense Satellite Communications Program Phase I (DSCS I) once operational, transmitted both voice and images to support the United States during the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Although almost all <a href="Crewed_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Crewed spacecraft">crewed spacecraft</a> programs went to NASA after its creation in 1958, the Air Force retained the <a href="Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar</a> program under the <a href="Wright_Air_Development_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright Air Development Center">Wright Air Development Center</a>, with the Titan IIIC initially intended as its booster. The program, however, was canceled in 1963 when it was determined that the <a href="Blue_Gemini" title="Blue Gemini">Blue Gemini</a> program would better satisfy its objectives. However, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara announced the <a href="Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a> program, which was assigned to the Space Systems Division by General Bernard Schriever. <a href="Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas Aircraft Company</a> was responsible for the spacecraft, and the Space Systems Division was developing the <a href="Titan_IIIM" title="Titan IIIM">Titan IIIM</a> booster. However, the program only had a single test flight, <a href="OPS_0855" title="OPS 0855">OPS 0855</a>, before being canceled in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Space Systems Division also was responsible for <a href="Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">anti-satellite weapons</a> development. The first United States ASAT system was the Army's <a href="Nike_Zeus" title="Nike Zeus">Nike Zeus</a> missiles located at <a href="Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site" title="Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site">Kwajalein Missile Range</a> and declared operational in 1963, but shut down in 1964 by the Defense Department, which favored the Air Force's ASAT efforts. The Space Systems Division's <a href="Program_437" title="Program 437">Program 437</a> used Thor boosters and nuclear warheads to destroy a satellite or space-based weapon from <a href="Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a>. The system was declared operational in 1964 and turned over to <a href="Aerospace_Defense_Command" title="Aerospace Defense Command">Aerospace Defense Command</a>, however it was put on standby in 1970 and shut down in 1975. Program 437 also include the Program 437AP configuration, which give it the capability to inspect satellites. The Space Systems Division also managed the <a href="Space_Test_Program" title="Space Test Program">Space Test Program</a>, known as the Space Experiments Support Program until 1971, for the Defense Department since it began in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1965, Space Systems Division replaced the 6594th Aerospace Test Wing with the <a href="Air_Force_Satellite_Control_Facility" title="Air Force Satellite Control Facility">Air Force Satellite Control Facility</a>. Space launches were also conducted by the Space Systems Division, with the <a href="6595th_Aerospace_Test_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="6595th Aerospace Test Wing">6595th Aerospace Test Wing</a> responsible for <a href="Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a> launches and the <a href="6555th_Aerospace_Test_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="6555th Aerospace Test Wing">6555th Aerospace Test Wing</a> responsible for launches from <a href="Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Space_and_Missile_Systems_Organization">Space and Missile Systems Organization</h4></div>

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</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Space and Missile Systems Organization centers and wings</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="nochecker bordered-images whitebg gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Air_Force_Satellite_Control_Facility" title="Air Force Satellite Control Facility">Air Force Satellite Control Facility</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Space and Missile Test Center</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="6555th_Aerospace_Test_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="6555th Aerospace Test Wing">6555th Aerospace Test Wing</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="6595th_Aerospace_Test_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="6595th Aerospace Test Wing">6595th Aerospace Test Wing</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Western_Test_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Test Range">Western Test Range</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Eastern_Test_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Test Range">Eastern Test Range</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext">6592d Support Group</div>

</li>

</ul></div></div></div>

<p>On 1 July 1967, the Space Systems Division and Ballistic Systems Division were remerged, forming the Space and Missile Systems Office (SAMSO).<sup id="cite_ref-lineage_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lineage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This remerger was prompted by economic reasons and SAMSO was located as Los Angeles Air Force Station. SAMSO did not start any new ballistic missile programs, but did oversee the replacement of the Minuteman I with the Minuteman II, which had improved range and guidance, and the Minuteman III, which more penetration aids to counter anti-ballistic missile defense systems and could be equipped with three <a href="Multiple_independently_targetable_reentry_vehicle" title="Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle">multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Titan III space launch vehicle family was also expanded to include the <a href="Titan_IIID" title="Titan IIID">Titan IIID</a> and <a href="Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">Titan IIIE</a>, which were used to support NASA's launch of the <a href="Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking program</a> in 1976. The Space and Missile Systems Organization was also the Department of Defense lead for the <a href="Space_Transportation_System" title="Space Transportation System">Space Transportation System</a>, which would be developed into the <a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>. As part of its contribution, it built a Space Shuttle launch and recovery site at <a href="Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a> for polar launches and also developed the <a href="Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Inertial Upper Stage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Space and Missile Systems Organization also oversaw the first launch of the Defense Support Program in 1970 on a Titan IIIC and the development and launch of the Advanced Vela satellites on Titan IIICs in 1967, 1969, and 1970. Three Defense Meteorological Support Program Block 5A, Block 5B, Block 5C, and Block 5D-1 satellites were also launched in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Although not an Air Force program, the Navy's <a href="Transit_(satellite)" title="Transit (satellite)">Transit</a> satellite system was the world's first <a href="Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">satellite navigation</a> constellation and started development in 1958. It was first launched on an Air Force Ballistic Missile Division booster in 1960 and achieved initial operational capability in 1964 and full operational capability in 1968. Transit used three operational satellites to enable users on ships and submarines to calculate their location in two dimensions and continued to operate until 1996. The Navy and Air Force both began follow on programs, with the Space and Missile Systems Organization developing <a href="Project_621B" class="mw-redirect" title="Project 621B">Project 621B</a>, envisioning a constellation of 20 satellites in synchronous inclined orbits. The Navy's <a href="Timation" title="Timation">Timation</a> program instead envisioned a constellation of 21 to 27 satellites in medium altitude orbits. In 1973, <a href="United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="William_P._Clements" class="mw-redirect" title="William P. Clements">William P. Clements</a> directed the two programs merge into the Space and Missile Systems Organization's <a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a>, which used Program 621B's signal structure and frequencies and the <a href="Medium_earth_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium earth orbit">medium earth orbits</a> of Timation.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Space and Missile Systems Organization also led the development of the <a href="Defense_Satellite_Communications_System_Phase_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Satellite Communications System Phase II">Defense Satellite Communications System Phase II</a> (DSCS II). DSCS II had increased communications

capacity, greater transmission strength, and longer lifetimes. As well, they also had steerable antennas. The first developmental contract was issued in 1969 and the first launch to <a href="Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous orbit</a> occurred in 1971, with the full constellation being formed in 1979. SAMSO also operationalized the <a href="Lincoln_Experimental_Satellite" title="Lincoln Experimental Satellite">Lincoln Experimental Satellites</a> and Tactical Communications Satellite, building the <a href="Fleet_Satellite_Communications_System" title="Fleet Satellite Communications System">Fleet Satellite Communications System</a> (FLTSATCOM). Although the FLTSATCOM program was owned by the Navy, SAMSO managed the satellite acquisition, which started in 1971. It also managed the <a href="Air_Force_Satellite_Communications" title="Air Force Satellite Communications">Air Force Satellite Communications</a> system which became operational in 1978 and relied on transponders on FLTSATCOM and enabled the Air Force control over its strategic forces. SAMSO also managed the acquisition and launch of <a href="Skynet_(satellite)" title="Skynet (satellite)">Skynet 1</a>, which was launched on behalf of the <a href="Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> in 1969 and 1970. SAMSO also assisted the United Kingdom with the development of Skynet 2, which launched in 1974 and was turned over to the Royal Air Force in 1975. SAMSO also acquired and launched the NATO II and NATO III satellites. DSCS II, Skynet, and the NATO satellites were designed to be compatible with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>During the 1970s, the Space and Missile Systems Organization began a follow-on ASAT program to Program 437 that did not use nuclear warheads. The first, Project Spike, used a two-staged missile launched from a <a href="Convair_F-106_Delta_Dart" title="Convair F-106 Delta Dart">Convair F-106 Delta Dart</a>. Project Spike did not enter development, however it served as a proof of concept for the <a href="ASM-135_ASAT" title="ASM-135 ASAT">Air-launched ASAT</a>, which entered development in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1970, SAMSO's 6555th Aerospace Test Wing at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station became the <a href="6555th_Aerospace_Test_Group" title="6555th Aerospace Test Group">6555th Aerospace Test Group</a> and realigned under its <a href="6595th_Aerospace_Test_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="6595th Aerospace Test Wing">6595th Aerospace Test Wing</a> at Vandenberg Air Force Base. The <a href="6595th_Aerospace_Test_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="6595th Aerospace Test Wing">6595th Aerospace Test Wing</a> was then realigned under SAMSO's new Space and Missile Test Center (SAMTEC), which oversaw launches at both Vandenberg Air Force Base and Cape Canaveral Space Force Station and operated the <a href="Western_Test_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Test Range">Western Test Range</a>. In 1977, it gained the <a href="Eastern_Test_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Test Range">Eastern Test Range</a>. On 1 August 1971, the 6592nd Support Group for Los Angeles Air Force Station was redesignated the 6592nd Air Base Group.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Space_Division">Space Division</h4></div>

<div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Space Division centers and laboratories</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="nochecker bordered-images whitebg gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Air_Force_Satellite_Control_Facility" title="Air Force Satellite Control Facility">Air Force Satellite Control Facility</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Space and Missile Test Organization</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Air_Force_Space_Technology_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Space Technology Center">Air Force Space Technology Center</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Air Force Geophysics Laboratory</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Eastern_Space_and_Missile_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Space and Missile Center">Eastern Space and Missile Center</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Western_Space_and_Missile_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Space and Missile Center">Western Space and Missile Center</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Ballistic Systems Organization</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">6592nd Air Base Group</div>

</li>

</ul></div></div></div>

<p>On 1 October 1979, the Space and Missile Systems Organization was redesignated as the Space Division and split off its ballistic missile functions into the Ballistic Missile Office due to growth in both mission areas.<sup id="cite_ref-lineage_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lineage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Starting in 1982, the Ballistic Missile Office assisted Strategic Air Command in deactivating the remaining Titan II missiles and placing them into storage for possible conversion into space launch vehicles. Under the <a href="Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a>, both the United States and Soviet Union were limited in the number of missiles they could deploy. This shifted the focus to quality. In 1973, the Space and Missile Systems Organization started the MX program, which looked at traditionally silo-based, ground-mobile, and <a href="Air-launched_ballistic_missile" title="Air-launched ballistic missile">air-launched ballistic missile</a> options. In 1982, it was named the <a href="LGM-118_Peacekeeper" title="LGM-118 Peacekeeper">LGM-118 Peacekeeper</a> ICBM by President <a href="Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and was capable of launching ten reentry vehicles at different targets more than 6,000 miles away. In 1983, the Peacekeeper had its first test launch from <a href="Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a> to a target in the <a href="Kwajalein_Missile_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwajalein Missile Range">Kwajalein Missile Range</a> and the first went on alert with Strategic Air Command in 1986, being fully deployed in 1988. The permanent basing construct including making the Peacekeeper rail-mobile on trains, but with the end of the Cold War those plans were canceled by President <a href="George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> in 1991. The Ballistic Missile Office also started development on the <a href="MGM-134_Midgetman" title="MGM-134 Midgetman">MGM-134 Midgetman</a> ICBM in 1986, also known as the Small ICBM, which would be held in road-mobile launchers. Its first test flight occurred in 1991 from <a href="Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a> to a target in the <a href="Kwajalein_Missile_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwajalein Missile Range">Kwajalein Missile Range</a>, but was canceled in 1992 due to the end of the Cold War.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Space Division continued the Space and Missile Systems Organization's military development of the <a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> alongside NASA, however in 1986 the <a href="Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i></a> <a href="Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">exploded</a> during launch, forcing NASA to suspend all launches until 1988. Not only did it suspend the development of Shuttle launch and recovery facilities at Vandenberg Air Force Base, but also delayed all military payloads that were scheduled to be launched on the shuttle. The Space Division had been developing the <a href="Titan_34D" title="Titan 34D">Titan 34D</a> as a backup in the event that there were any issues with the Shuttle program and after two launch failures in 1985 and 1986 suspended Titan 34 Launches, they resumed in 1987, restoring the only launch alternative to the Space Shuttle for large payloads. The <a href="Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">Titan IV</a> had already started development in 1985, but the <i>Challenger</i> disaster reinforced the need to have a diverse fleet of space launch vehicles. The Titan IV had its first launch in 1989 and could use either the <a href="Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Inertial Upper Stage</a> or an upgraded <a href="Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a> stage. It also began the development of two new medium launch vehicles, with the <a href="Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> intended to launch the <a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> and the <a href="Atlas_II" title="Atlas II">Atlas II</a> intended to launch the <a href="Defense_Satellite_Communications_System" title="Defense Satellite Communications System">Defense Satellite Communications System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The Space Division launched the first Defense Meteorological Support Program Block 5D-2s and started the procurement process for DMSP Block 5D-3s, as well as starting the deployment of the Global Positioning System constellation. It also continued the <a href="Defense_Satellite_Communications_System_Phase_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Satellite Communications System Phase III">Defense Satellite Communications System Phase III</a> deployment, launching the first in 1982 and the full constellation was completed in 1993. The <a href="Military_Strategic_and_Tactical_Relay" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Strategic and Tactical Relay">Military Strategic and Tactical Relay</a>, or Milstar, strategic satellite communication program was started in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Space Division initiated the largest change to the <a href="Air_Force_Satellite_Control_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Satellite Control Network">Air Force Satellite Control Network</a> since its inception, with Secretary of Defense <a href="Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Harold Brown</a> authorizing the construction of a Consolidated Space Operations Center at <a href="Falcon_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon Air Force Base">Falcon Air Force Base</a> in 1979. It was intended to comprise two parts, a Satellite Operations Complex to replace <a href="Onizuka_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Onizuka Air Force Base">Onizuka Air Force Base</a> and a Shuttle Operations and Planning Center to replace <a href="Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> for military missions. The Shuttle Operation and Planning Center was canceled in 1987, while the Consolidated Space Operations Center gradually came online in 1989 and was fully transferred to <a href="Air_Force_Space_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Space Command">Air Force Space Command</a> in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Space Division also continued the air-launched ASAT program that SAMSO started in 1976, culminating in the development of the <a href="ASM-135_ASAT" title="ASM-135 ASAT">ASM-135 ASAT</a>. Its first test was on 21 January 1984 and on 13 September 1985, it was launched from a <a href="McDonnell_Douglas_F-15A_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15A Eagle">McDonnell Douglas F-15A Eagle</a> to destroy the <a href="Solwind" title="Solwind">Solwind</a> research satellite. The program was terminated in 1988 due to budgetary and congressional restrictions. Starting in 1983, the Department of Defense announced the <a href="Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a> to provide missile defense, with the Space Division responsible for its space-based and Air Force components. In 1987, the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization selected the Space Division's <a href="Boost_Surveillance_and_Tracking_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Boost Surveillance and Tracking System">Boost Surveillance and Tracking System</a>, <a href="Space_Surveillance_and_Tracking_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Surveillance and Tracking System">Space Surveillance and Tracking System</a>, and <a href="Space-Based_Interceptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Space-Based Interceptor">Space-Based Interceptor</a> for demonstration.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Immediately following the establishment of the Space Division on 1 October 1979, the Space and Missile Test Center was redesignated as the Space and Missile Test Organization, comprising the <a href="Eastern_Space_and_Missile_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Space and Missile Center">Eastern Space and Missile Center</a> at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and the <a href="Western_Space_and_Missile_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Space and Missile Center">Western Space and Missile Center</a> at Vandenberg Air Force Base. On 1 September 1982, <a href="Air_Force_Space_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Space Command">Air Force Space Command</a> was activated as the Air Force's first major command for space and on 1 October 1987 the <a href="Air_Force_Satellite_Control_Facility" title="Air Force Satellite Control Facility">Air Force Satellite Control Facility</a> was inactivated, with its functions being replaced by Air Force Space Command's wings. The Space and Missile Test Organization was inactivated on 1 October 1989, and on 1 October 1990 the Eastern Space and Missile Center and Western Space and Missile Center were transferred to Air Force Space Command's <a href="9th_Space_Division" title="9th Space Division">9th Space Division</a>, making it responsible for space launch.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>However, the Space Division did gain responsibility for some research and development functions, gaining the <a href="Air_Force_Space_Technology_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Space Technology Center">Air Force Space Technology Center</a> at <a href="Kirtland_Air_Force_Base" title="Kirtland Air Force Base">Kirtland Air Force Base</a> in October 1982. The Air Force Space Technology Center consisted of the <a href="Air_Force_Weapons_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Weapons Laboratory">Air Force Weapons Laboratory</a>, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, and <a href="Air_Force_Rocket_Propulsion_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory">Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory</a>. In 1990, the Air Force Space Technology Center was renamed the <a href="Phillips_Laboratory" title="Phillips Laboratory">Phillips Laboratory</a> and its three sub-laboratories were directly incorporated into it.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 15 March 1989, the Space Division reassumed its historical name of the Space Systems Division and the Ballistic Missile Office also was renamed the Ballistic Systems Division. Due to cutbacks in the ballistic missile program due to the end of the Cold War, the Ballistic Systems Division was renamed the Ballistic Missile Organization and realigned under the Space Systems Division on 5 May 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lineage_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lineage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Realignment_under_Air_Force_Space_Command">Realignment under Air Force Space Command</h3></div>

<div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Space and Missile Systems Centers laboratories, wings, groups, and squadrons</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="nochecker bordered-images whitebg gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Phillips_Laboratory" title="Phillips Laboratory">Phillips Laboratory</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Ballistic Systems Organization</div>

</li>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="61st_Air_Base_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="61st Air Base Group">61st Air Base Group</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">655th Air Base Squadron</div>

</li>

</ul></div></div></div>

<p>As part of the Air Force's restructuring in the early 1990s, Air Force Systems Command merged with <a href="Air_Force_Logistics_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Logistics Command">Air Force Logistics Command</a> to form <a href="Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel Command">Air Force Materiel Command</a> on 1 July 1992. As part of this merger, the Space Systems Division was redesignated as the Space and Missile Systems Center on the same date.<sup id="cite_ref-lineage_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lineage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 October 1993, the 6592nd Air Base Group was redesignated the 655th Air Base Squadron as part of an Air Force-wide restructuring of support groups. In January 1993, <a href="Kirtland_Air_Force_Base" title="Kirtland Air Force Base">Kirtland Air Force Base</a> and the <a href="377th_Air_Base_Wing" title="377th Air Base Wing">377th Air Base Wing</a> were directly assigned to the Space and Missile Systems Center and the <a href="61st_Air_Base_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="61st Air Base Group">61st Air Base Group</a> at <a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a> was activated on 1 October 1994, replacing the 655th Air Base Squadron. On 8 April 1997, the Philips Laboratory was merged with other Air Force laboratories to form the <a href="Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a> and Kirtland Air Force Base and its 377th Air Base Wing was transferred to the <a href="Air_Armament_Center" title="Air Armament Center">Air Armament Center</a> on 1 October 1998. The remaining space functions at Kirtland AFB, including test and evaluation, launch of experimental payloads, and Space Shuttle Operations were consolidated into Detachment 12 which activated on 29 June 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="START_I" title="START I">START I</a> treaty of 1991 and <a href="START_II" title="START II">START II</a> treaty of 1993 between the United States and the Soviet Union and its successor, the Russian Federation, dramatically reduced the amount of nuclear warheads in each superpower's arsenal. This resulted in the U.S. Air Force reducing the amount of Minuteman missiles, reconfiguring its missiles to have only one warhead, and scrapping the Pershing missiles. Due to the dramatic reduction in ballistic missiles, the Space and Missile Systems Center's Ballistic Missile Organization was officially inactivated in September 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Space and Missile Systems Center followed up on the Space Division's development of the <a href="Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> and <a href="Atlas_II" title="Atlas II">Atlas II</a> space launch vehicles, procuring launches using the upgraded <a href="Atlas_III" title="Atlas III">Atlas III</a>, which used the Russian <a href="RD-180" title="RD-180">RD-180</a> engine. Following six launch failures from April 1998 to May 1999 the Department of Defense started the Launch Broad Area Review, releasing its report in November 1999 and recommending that the Space and Missile Systems Center have broadened responsibility for all Department of Defense launches, from acquisition to deliver of spacecraft on-orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In August 1994, President <a href="Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> signed a National Transportation Space Policy, assigning responsibility for expendable launch vehicles to the Defense Department and directed it to develop improved variants of current vehicles. In response, the Space and Missile Systems Center built the <a href="Evolved_Expendable_Launch_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle">Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle</a> program and awarded the first contracts in 1995. One went to <a href="McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a> for the <a href="Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">Delta IV</a> and <a href="Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">Delta IV Heavy</a>, while the other went to <a href="Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> for the <a href="Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, the two launch providers merged to form <a href="United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, <a href="SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> was awarded its first military launch under the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle program, using its <a href="Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> and <a href="Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> boosters.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, in part due to SpaceX's success with reusable rockets, the program's name was changed to <a href="National_Security_Space_Launch" title="National Security Space Launch">National Security Space Launch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1994, the Space and Missile Systems Center had started the <a href="Space-Based_Infrared_System" title="Space-Based Infrared System">Space-Based Infrared System</a> (SBIRS) program to replace the <a href="Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">Defense Support Program</a>. SBIRS was built upon technology tested for the <a href="Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a>, launching its first satellite in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1970s, proposals were made to merge the military and <a href="National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>'s (NOAA) weather satellites. In 1994, President Clinton directed that the programs eventually be merged. In 1995, the Air Force, NASA, and NOAA started the <a href="National_Polar-orbiting_Operational_Environmental_Satellite_System" class="mw-redirect" title="National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System">National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System</a> which was intended to replace the Defense Metrological Support Program and be operated by NOAA, but the program collapsed due to cost overruns in 2010 and a full merging of the programs has not occurred. A second Defense Department-only effort, the <a href="Defense_Weather_Satellite_System" title="Defense Weather Satellite System">Defense Weather Satellite System</a>, was canceled by Congress in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> constellation became fully completed in 1994 and achieved initial operational capability in 1995. <a href="Milstar" title="Milstar">Milstar</a> had its first launch in 1995 and the Space and Missile Systems Center started development on the <a href="Wideband_Global_SATCOM" title="Wideband Global SATCOM">Wideband Global SATCOM</a> system to replace the <a href="Defense_Satellite_Communications_System" title="Defense Satellite Communications System">Defense Satellite Communications System</a> and the <a href="Advanced_Extremely_High_Frequency" title="Advanced Extremely High Frequency">Advanced Extremely High Frequency</a> to replace Milstar. The <a href="Brilliant_Pebbles" title="Brilliant Pebbles">Brilliant Pebbles</a> space-based anti-missile interceptor was transferred to the Space and Missile Systems Center in 1993 from the <a href="Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Organization" title="Ballistic Missile Defense Organization">Ballistic Missile Defense Organization</a>, but was terminated in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2001, the Space Commission came out with its report on national security space. A major recommendation was realigning the Space and Missile Systems Center from Air Force Materiel Command to <a href="Air_Force_Space_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Space Command">Air Force Space Command</a> to consolidate management of space programs to one major command. This occurred on 1 October 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Space and Missile Systems Centers wings and groups (2006–2010)</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="nochecker bordered-images whitebg gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Global_Positioning_Systems_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Positioning Systems Wing">Global Positioning Systems Wing</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Launch_and_Range_Systems_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and Range Systems Wing">Launch and Range Systems Wing</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Military_Satellite_Communications_Systems_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Satellite Communications Systems Wing">Military Satellite Communications Systems Wing</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Space-Based_Infrared_Systems_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Space-Based Infrared Systems Wing">Space-Based Infrared Systems Wing</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Space_Superiority_Systems_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Superiority Systems Wing">Space Superiority Systems Wing</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Space_Development_and_Test_Wing" title="Space Development and Test Wing">Space Development and Test Wing</a></div>

</li>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Satellite Control Network Systems Group</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Space Logistics Group</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Systems Group</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Missile Defense Systems Group</div>

</li>

</ul></div></div></div>

<p>On 1 August 2006, the Space and Missile Systems Center reorganized itself along a traditional Air Force wing and group construct. These included the <a href="Military_Satellite_Communications_Systems_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Satellite Communications Systems Wing">Military Satellite Communications Systems Wing</a> which replaced the MILSATCOM Joint System Program Office (JPO), the <a href="Launch_and_Range_Systems_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and Range Systems Wing">Launch and Range Systems Wing</a>, which replaced the Launch and Ranges JPO, the <a href="Global_Positioning_Systems_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Positioning Systems Wing">Global Positioning Systems Wing</a>, which replaced the Navstar GPS JPO, the <a href="Space-Based_Infrared_Systems_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Space-Based Infrared Systems Wing">Space-Based Infrared Systems Wing</a>, which replaced the SBIRS System Program Office (SPO), the <a href="Space_Superiority_Systems_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Superiority Systems Wing">Space Superiority Systems Wing</a>, the <a href="Space_Development_and_Test_Wing" title="Space Development and Test Wing">Space Development and Test Wing</a> at Kirtland Air Force Base, which included the former SMC Detachment 12, the <a href="61st_Air_Base_Wing" title="61st Air Base Wing">61st Air Base Wing</a>, which replaced the 61st Air Base Group, the Satellite Control and Network Systems Group, which replaced the Air Force Satellite Control Network SPO, the Space Logistics Group, which replaced the SMC Logistics Support Squadron, and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Systems Group, which replaced the DMSP SPO.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 March 2008, the Missile Defense Systems Group was activated.<sup id="cite_ref-lineage_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lineage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Space and Missile Systems Center directorates and divisions (2010–2019)</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="nochecker bordered-images whitebg gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Advanced_Systems_and_Development_Directorate" title="Advanced Systems and Development Directorate">Advanced Systems and Development Directorate</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Global_Positioning_Systems_Directorate" title="Global Positioning Systems Directorate">Global Positioning Systems Directorate</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Launch_Enterprise_Directorate" title="Launch Enterprise Directorate">Launch Enterprise Directorate</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Military_Satellite_Communications_Directorate" title="Military Satellite Communications Directorate">Military Satellite Communications Directorate</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Range and Network Systems Division</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Remote_Sensing_Systems_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Sensing Systems Directorate">Remote Sensing Systems Directorate</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Space_Superiority_Systems_Directorate" title="Space Superiority Systems Directorate">Space Superiority Systems Directorate</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Infrared_Space_Systems_Directorate" title="Infrared Space Systems Directorate">Infrared Space Systems Directorate</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Space Logistics Directorate</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="61st_Air_Base_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="61st Air Base Group">61st Air Base Group</a></div>

</li>

</ul></div></div></div>

<p>However, in response to the lead of Air Force Materiel Command, on 10 November 2010 the wings and groups redesignated as directorates and divisions as part of an Air Force acquisitions wide effort.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the 61st Air Base Wing being inactivated and replaced with the 61st Air Base Group, the GPS Wing becoming the <a href="Global_Positioning_Systems_Directorate" title="Global Positioning Systems Directorate">Global Positioning Systems Directorate</a>, the Launch and Range Systems Wing becoming the <a href="Launch_Enterprise_Directorate" title="Launch Enterprise Directorate">Launch Enterprise Directorate</a>, the MILSATCOM Wing becoming the <a href="Military_Satellite_Communications_Directorate" title="Military Satellite Communications Directorate">Military Satellite Communications Directorate</a>, the Space Superiority Systems Wing becoming the <a href="Space_Superiority_Systems_Directorate" title="Space Superiority Systems Directorate">Space Superiority Systems Directorate</a>, the SIBRS Wing becoming the <a href="Infrared_Space_Systems_Directorate" title="Infrared Space Systems Directorate">Infrared Space Systems Directorate</a>, the Space Development and Test Wing becoming the Space Development and Test Directorate, the Space Logistics Group becoming the Space Logistics Directorate, the DMSP Group becoming the Defense Weather Systems Directorate, the Missile Defense Systems Group becoming the Missile Defense Systems Division, and the Satellite Control and Network Systems Group becoming the Satellite Control and Network Systems Division

</p><p>In 2014, the Space and Missile Systems Center combined its Developmental Planning Directorate and the Space Development and Test Directorate to form the Advanced Systems and Development Directorate.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Range and Network Systems Division was eventually stood up to replace the functions of the Satellite Control and Network Systems Division and in 2015 the Defense Weather Systems Directorate and Infrared Space Systems Directorate were combined into the <a href="Remote_Sensing_Systems_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Sensing Systems Directorate">Remote Sensing Systems Directorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, these directorates were all replaced as part of the SMC 2.0 reorganization, which instead established the Development Corps, which was responsible for innovation and prototyping, a Production Corps, an Enterprise Corps, which conducted support for products and launch, and an Atlas Corps which provided personnel management.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redesignation_as_Space_Systems_Command_and_transfer_to_the_Space_Force">Redesignation as Space Systems Command and transfer to the Space Force</h3></div>

<p>When the United States Space Force was established as an independent service on 20 December 2019, Air Force Space Command was redesignated as United States Space Force, but functionally remained a major command within the Air Force. The Space and Missile Systems Center remained a part of United States Space Force as it was redesignated as <a href="Space_Operations_Command" title="Space Operations Command">Space Operations Command</a>, until it was reassigned to Headquarters Space Force on 22 April 2021 and officially transferred from the U.S. Air Force center to a U.S. Space Force field command, although it continued to use the Space and Missile Systems Center name.<sup id="cite_ref-lineage_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lineage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In July 2021, President <a href="Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> nominated Deputy Director of the <a href="National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a> <a href="Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Maj Gen</a> <a href="Michael_Guetlein" title="Michael Guetlein">Michael Guetlein</a> to lead Space Systems Command. He was <a href="List_of_positions_filled_by_presidential_appointment_with_Senate_confirmation" title="List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation">confirmed</a> with a promotion to <a href="Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">lieutenant general</a> on 29 July 2021 which became effective on 13 August 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 13 August 2021, the Space and Missile Systems Center was redesignated as Space Systems Command on 13 August 2021. The commander is a Space Force lieutenant general, while the deputy command is a Space Force major general and is also responsible for space launch. In addition to Space and Missile Systems Center units realigning, the 61st Air Base Group was redesignated the <a href="Los_Angeles_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Garrison">Los Angeles Garrison</a>. Space Systems Command also gained <a href="Space_Launch_Delta_30" title="Space Launch Delta 30">Space Launch Delta 30</a> and <a href="Space_Launch_Delta_45" title="Space Launch Delta 45">Space Launch Delta 45</a>, which they had given up to Air Force Space Command in 1990. The commander of Space Launch Delta 45, a brigadier general, is the Space Systems Command operations director and range acquisitions lead. <a href="Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a> space units, such as the Space Vehicles Directorate, Space Electro-Optical Division, Rocket Propulsion Division, and Space Systems Technology Division, administratively report to Space Systems Command, while remaining under the aligned under Air Force Research Labs. The <a href="Air_Force_Life_Cycle_Management_Center" title="Air Force Life Cycle Management Center">Air Force Life Cycle Management Center</a>'s Strategic Warning and Surveillance Systems Division, responsible for ground-based radars, missile warning, space domain awareness, missile defense systems, and shared early warning capabilities, transferred to Space Systems Command.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Space Systems Command also provides support to the <a href="Space_Rapid_Capabilities_Office" title="Space Rapid Capabilities Office">Space Rapid Capabilities Office</a> and <a href="Space_Development_Agency" title="Space Development Agency">Space Development Agency</a> (to be transferred in 2022), which are direct reporting units to the <a href="Chief_of_Space_Operations" title="Chief of Space Operations">Chief of Space Operations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_developments">Further developments</h3></div>

<p>One 8 December 2023, SSC stood up the first two provisional System Deltas (SYDs) in an activation and assumption of command ceremony at the Los Angeles Air Force Base.

</p><p>The two SYDs will prototype a new concept to maximize the recently announced provisional Integrated Mission Deltas (IMDs), which are organized around mission areas (e.g. position, navigation, and timing; electromagnetic warfare) instead of functional ones (e.g. intelligence, operations, cyber effects). The new Deltas were announced by the Chief of Space Operations Gen. Chance Saltzman in a CSO Notice To Guardians published 13 October 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>SYDs will consolidate program offices in SSC that design, develop, and deliver mission systems under a mission-focused command structure for acquisitions. IMDs will consolidate all aspects of mission-area readiness into a single organization, combining units in Space Operations Command (SpOC) that perform mission generation, intelligence support, and cyber defense with program offices at SSC that handle sustainment.

</p><p>Pairing IMDs in SpOC with complementary SYDs in SSC will streamline unity of effort for capability development.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2></div>

<div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Emblems of Space Systems Command and its predecessors</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="nochecker bordered-images whitebg gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="gallerytext">Space Systems Command (2021–present)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Space and Missile Systems Center (2002–2021)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Space and Missile Systems Center, Space Systems Division, Space Division, and Space and Missile Systems Organization (1968–2002)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Space and Missile Systems Organization (1967–1968)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Space Systems Division (1962–1967)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Ballistic Systems Division (1962–1967)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Space Systems Division and Ballistic Systems Division (1961–1962)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Air Force Ballistic Missile Division (1960–1961)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Western Development Division and Air Force Ballistic Missile Division (1954–1960)</div>

</li>

</ul></div></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_Systems_Command_emblem_and_color">Space Systems Command emblem and color</h3></div>

<p>At the top of the design, rising into space, is a delta riding on an ignition plume. The delta and plume represent the <a href="Space_launch_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Space launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a> need to place Space Force assets into orbit and signifies launch operations from <a href="Western_Range_(USSF)" title="Western Range (USSF)">West</a> and <a href="Eastern_Range" title="Eastern Range">East</a> coast ranges. The constellation <a href="Aquila_(constellation)" title="Aquila (constellation)">Aquila</a> symbolizes the space environment, reflecting Space Systems Command's developing and fielding of space warfighting capabilities. The primary star represents the Space Force's on-orbit capabilities. The sweeping orbit and thunderbolt represent the Space Force's space assets safeguarding the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-SSC_Emblem_Final_Reveal_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSC_Emblem_Final_Reveal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Gold_(color)" title="Gold (color)">Gold</a> is Space Systems Command's distinguishing color and signifying the excellence and intelligence required to identify, prototype, and field innovative space capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-SSC_Emblem_Final_Reveal_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSC_Emblem_Final_Reveal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Space Systems Command emblem and flag were unveiled on 13 April 2021, replacing the Space and Missile Systems Center emblem.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–2002_Space_and_Missile_Systems_Center_emblem">Post–2002 Space and Missile Systems Center emblem</h3></div>

<p>After space and missiles functions were reunited under the Space and Missile Systems Center, it continued to use the old Space and Missile Systems Organization emblem for 10 years. However, when the Space and Missile Systems Center transferred from Air Force Materiel Command to Air Force Space Command it adopted a new emblem on 2 August 2002 to better express its mission and allegiance to Air Force Space Command.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Blue and yellow are the Air Force colors. Blue alludes to the sky, the primary theater of Air Force operations. Yellow refers to the sun and the excellence required of Air Force personnel. The globe represents the night and day missions that the satellite and missile systems must perform. The four pole stars symbolize the <a href="Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communication</a>, <a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">navigation</a>, <a href="Spy_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy satellite">surveillance</a> and <a href="Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">weather satellites</a> utilized by the Center. The flight symbol stands for deployed <a href="Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">missile systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre–2002_Space_and_Missile_Systems_Center,_Space_Division,_and_Space_and_Missile_Systems_Organization_emblem">Pre–2002 Space and Missile Systems Center, Space Division, and Space and Missile Systems Organization emblem</h3></div>

<p>When the Space and Missile Systems Organization was activated in 1967, it determined it needed a new emblem to represent its space and missile missions. The SAMSO emblem was first approved on 22 May 1968. When the Space Division was established in 1979, it continued to use the SAMSO emblem but reinterpreted it. When the Space and Missile Systems Center was established in 1992, the dual space and missile symbiology was restored. The emblem was replaced in 2002 when the Space and Missile Systems Center transferred to Air Force Space Command.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Space and Missile Systems Center Organizational emblem represents the cooperation of science, industry, and the military in advancing the defense technology of the United States, and the role of SMC in unifying and directing this effort. It also symbolizes the two major elements of the Organization's mission-- <a href="Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">missile</a> and <a href="Space_launch_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Space launch vehicle">space booster power</a> and <a href="Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellites">satellites</a> in orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base_Home_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base_Home-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the first symbolism, the diagonal lines represent the role of science, industry, and the military, respectively, in advancing defense technology; and the triangle depicts the function of SMC in directing and managing the work of these elements in the pursuit of desired military objectives. The circle surrounding the diagonal lines represents the total integrating role of SMC in planning, developing and testing military systems and in acquiring them for the national defense.<sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base_Home_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base_Home-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the second symbolism, the triangle joined by the three lines symbolizes rocket booster power for payloads as the basis for both ballistic missile and space systems, while the circle represents both satellites and their orbital traces.<sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base_Home_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base_Home-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_Force_Ballistic_Missile_Division,_Space_Systems_Division,_and_Ballistic_Systems_Division">Air Force Ballistic Missile Division, Space Systems Division, and Ballistic Systems Division</h3></div>

<p>When the Western Development Division was first established in 1954, it used the emblem of its major command, <a href="Air_Research_and_Development_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Research and Development Command">Air Research and Development Command</a>. This was carried over by the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division until it created its own emblem on 2 November 1960, which was based on Air Research and Development Command's. However, with the activation of Air Force Systems Command in 1961, the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division was split.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Space Systems Division was established in 1961 and modified the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division's emblem to form its own, was used from 5 July 1962 until the Space and Missile Systems Organization was formed in 1967. The Ballistic Systems Division also modified elements of the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division, having its emblem approved on 14 February 1962. The Ballistic Systems Division's emblem was retired following the Space and Missile Systems Organization's establishment in 1967, but the Ballistic Missile Office received authorization to use it starting on 1 December 1980, and it was continuously used by the Ballistic Systems Division and Ballistic Missile Organization until it was inactivated on 2 September 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-History_11-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div>

<th>Delta

</th>

<th>Headquarters

</th>

<th>Current commander

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="3">Space Systems Command

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Space_Base_Delta_3" title="Space Base Delta 3">Space Base Delta 3</a> (SBD 3)</td>

<td><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a></td>

<td>Col Mia L. Walsh

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Space Acquisition Management Delta<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td><a href="Peterson_Space_Force_Base" title="Peterson Space Force Base">Peterson Space Force Base</a>, <a href="Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <i>Assured Access To Space Directorate</i> (AATS or SSC/AA)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Acquisition Delta – Mission Solutions (AAM)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a></td>

<td>Col Chad W. Melone

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Acquisition Delta – Launch Execution (AAL)<sup id="cite_ref-Nov2022OrgChart_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nov2022OrgChart-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a></td>

<td>Col James T. Horne<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Space_Launch_Delta_30" title="Space Launch Delta 30">Space Launch Delta 30</a> (SLD 30)</td>

<td><a href="Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a></td>

<td>Col Mark A. Shoemaker

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Space_Launch_Delta_45" title="Space Launch Delta 45">Space Launch Delta 45</a> (SLD 45)</td>

<td><a href="Patrick_Space_Force_Base" title="Patrick Space Force Base">Patrick Space Force Base</a>, <a href="Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td>

<td>Brig Gen <a href="Kristin_Panzenhagen" title="Kristin Panzenhagen">Kristin Panzenhagen</a>

</td></tr>

<td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <i>Battle Management Command, Control, and Communications Directorate</i> (BMC3 or SSC/BC)<sup id="cite_ref-Nov2022OrgChart_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nov2022OrgChart-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Acquisition Delta – Operational Command and Control</td>

<td><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a></td>

<td>Col Cecilia Montes de Oca<sup id="cite_ref-Jul2023OrgChart_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jul2023OrgChart-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Acquisition Delta – Tactical Command and Control</td>

<td><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a></td>

<td>Col Peter C. Mastro

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Product Support Delta – Data Transport<sup id="cite_ref-ppt_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppt-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td><a href="Peterson_Space_Force_Base" title="Peterson Space Force Base">Peterson Space Force Base</a>, <a href="Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td>

<td>Shawn Sawyer

</td></tr>

<td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <i>Military Communications & Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Directorate</i> (MCPNT or SSC/CG)<sup id="cite_ref-Nov2022OrgChart_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nov2022OrgChart-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Acquisition Delta – Tactical SATCOM (CGT)<sup id="cite_ref-ppt_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppt-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a></td>

<td>Charlotte M. Gerhart

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Acquisition Delta – Strategic SATCOM (CGS)<sup id="cite_ref-ppt_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppt-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a></td>

<td>Col A. J. Ashby<sup id="cite_ref-Jul2023OrgChart_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jul2023OrgChart-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Acquisition Delta – Narrowband SATCOM (CGN)<sup id="cite_ref-ppt_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppt-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td><a href="Naval_Base_Point_Loma" title="Naval Base Point Loma">Naval Base Point Loma</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td>Capt Peter J. Sheehy

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Positioning, Navigation, and Timing System Delta (PNT SYD)<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a></td>

<td>Matthew L. Spencer

</td></tr>

<td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <i>Space Sensing Directorate</i> (SSC/SN)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Acquisition Delta – Commercial Space</td>

<td><a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td>

<td>Col Richard Kniseley<sup id="cite_ref-Jul2023OrgChart_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jul2023OrgChart-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Acquisition Delta – Resilient Missile Warning, Tracking, Defense (SNR) <sup id="cite_ref-Nov2022OrgChart_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nov2022OrgChart-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a></td>

<td>Col Heather B. Bogstie

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Acquisition Delta – Environmental and Tactical Surveillance (SNS)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a></td>

<td>Col Daniel J. Visosky<sup id="cite_ref-Jul2023OrgChart_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jul2023OrgChart-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Acquisition Delta – Strategic Missile Warning<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a></td>

<td>Col Daniel T. Walter

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Product Support Delta – Space Sensing (SNP)<sup id="cite_ref-Nov2022OrgChart_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nov2022OrgChart-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td><a href="Peterson_Space_Force_Base" title="Peterson Space Force Base">Peterson Space Force Base</a>, <a href="Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td>

<td>Anita J. McCorvey

</td></tr>

<td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <i>Space Domain Awareness and Combat Power Directorate</i> (SDACP or SSC/SZ)<sup id="cite_ref-Nov2022OrgChart_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nov2022OrgChart-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>Acquisition Delta – Innovation and Prototyping (SZI)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td><a href="Kirtland_Air_Force_Base" title="Kirtland Air Force Base">Kirtland Air Force Base</a>, <a href="New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td>

<td>Col Joseph J. Roth

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Acquisition Delta – Warfighter Enterprise</td>

<td><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a></td>

<td>Col Corey J. Klopstein

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Acquisition Delta – Space Warfighting (SZA)</td>

<td><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a></td>

<td>Col Erik S. Stockham

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Acquisition Delta – Advanced MILSATCOM</td>

<td><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a></td>

<td>John Kirkemo

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Acquisition Delta – Space Domain Awareness (SZG)</td>

<td><a href="Peterson_Space_Force_Base" title="Peterson Space Force Base">Peterson Space Force Base</a>, <a href="Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td>

<td>F. Schnell

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Acquisition Delta – Strategic Warning and Surveillance Systems (SZQ)</td>

<td><a href="Peterson_Space_Force_Base" title="Peterson Space Force Base">Peterson Space Force Base</a>, <a href="Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td>

<td>Col Jason E. West

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span> Electromagnetic Warfare System Delta<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a></td>

<td>Jordan Riedel

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<p><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="forced-color-adjust:none; background-color:#ffffcc; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Denotes planned unit but not yet activated.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_commanders">List of commanders</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Commander_of_Space_Systems_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of Space Systems Command">Commander of Space Systems Command</a></div>

</th>

<th colspan="2">Commander

</th>

<th colspan="3">Term

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Portrait

</th>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Took office

</th>

<th>Left office

</th>

<th>Duration

</th></tr>

<div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">Lieutenant General<br><b><a href="Michael_Guetlein" title="Michael Guetlein">Michael Guetlein</a></b></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">13 August 2021</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">21 December 2023</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">2 years, 130 days</td></tr>

<div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background: #E6E6AA"><b>Joy M. White</b><br><small><i>Acting</i></small></td><td style="text-align:center; background: #E6E6AA">21 December 2023</td><td style="text-align:center; background: #E6E6AA">1 February 2024</td><td style="text-align:center; background: #E6E6AA">42 days</td></tr>

<div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">Lieutenant General<br><b><a href="Philip_Garrant" title="Philip Garrant">Philip Garrant</a></b></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">1 February 2024</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><i>Incumbent</i></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">1 year, 180 days</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lineage">Lineage</h2></div>

<dl><dt>Space Systems Division</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Established as <b>Space Systems Division,</b> and activated, on 20 March 1961</li></ul>

<dl><dd>Organized on 1 April 1961</dd>

<dd>Discontinued, and inactivated, on 1 July 1967</dd></dl>

<ul><li>Consolidated with the <b>Space and Missile Systems Organization</b> on 7 August 1989<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Space Systems Command</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Established as the <b>Space and Missile Systems Organization</b>, and activated, on 25 May 1967 (not organized)</li></ul>

<dl><dd>Organized on 1 Jul 1967</dd>

<dd>Redesignated <b>Space Division</b> on 1 October 1979</dd>

<dd>Redesignated <b>Space Systems Division</b> on 15 March 1989</dd></dl>

<ul><li>Consolidated with the first <b>Space Systems Division</b> on 7 August 1989</li></ul>

<dl><dd>Redesignated <b>Space and Missile Systems Center</b> on 1 July 1992</dd></dl>

<ul><li>Status changed from unit of the United States Air Force to field command of the United States Space Force on 22 April 2021</li></ul>

<dl><dd>Redesignated <b>Space Systems Command</b> on 13 August 2021<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReam2021_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReam2021-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>#</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assignments">Assignments</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Air_Force_Systems_Command" title="Air Force Systems Command">Air Force Systems Command</a>, 20 March 1961</li>

<li><a href="Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel Command">Air Force Materiel Command</a>, 1 July 1992</li>

<li><a href="Air_Force_Space_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Space Command">Air Force Space Command</a> (later, United States Space Force; Space Operations Command), 1 October 2001;</li>

<li>United States Space Force, 22 April 2021-.</li></ul>

<p><b>U.S. Armed Forces systems commands</b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Army_Materiel_Command" title="United States Army Materiel Command">Army Materiel Command</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_Corps_Systems_Command" title="Marine Corps Systems Command">Marine Corps Systems Command</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Navy_systems_commands" title="United States Navy systems commands">United States Navy systems commands</a>

<ul><li><a href="Naval_Sea_Systems_Command" title="Naval Sea Systems Command">Naval Sea Systems Command</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_Air_Systems_Command" title="Naval Air Systems Command">Naval Air Systems Command</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_Information_Warfare_Systems_Command" title="Naval Information Warfare Systems Command">Naval Information Warfare Systems Command</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_Facilities_Engineering_Systems_Command" title="Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command">Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_Supply_Systems_Command" title="Naval Supply Systems Command">Naval Supply Systems Command</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssc.spaceforce.mil/About-Us/About-Space-Systems-Command">"About Space Systems Command"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-SSC_Emblem_Final_Reveal-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SSC_Emblem_Final_Reveal_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSC_Emblem_Final_Reveal_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSC_Emblem_Final_Reveal_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dvidshub.net/video/808584/ssc-emblem-final-reveal">"SSC Emblem Final Reveal"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-auto3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/08/13/space-force-establishes-space-systems-command/">"Space Force establishes Space Systems Command"</a>. 13 August 2021.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-ppt-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ppt_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ppt_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ppt_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ppt_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gps.gov/governance/advisory/meetings/2022-05/delapena.pdf">"Military Communications & Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Overview with GPS Update - PNT Advisory Board"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205051618/https://www.gps.gov/governance/advisory/meetings/2022-05/delapena.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssc.spaceforce.mil/About-Us/Where-We-Operate">"Where We Operate"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829072134/https://www.ssc.spaceforce.mil/About-Us/Where-We-Operate">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2022" class="citation web cs1">Hitchens, Theresa (12 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2022/07/space-force-considers-asking-satellite-firms-to-host-payloads-for-tactical-isr/">"Space Force considers asking satellite firms to host payloads for tactical ISR"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217085445/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/07/space-force-considers-asking-satellite-firms-to-host-payloads-for-tactical-isr/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airforcemag.com/new-missile-warning-satellite-set-to-launch-will-complete-sbirs-constellation/">"New Missile-Warning Satellite, Set to Launch, Will Complete SBIRS Constellation"</a>. 2 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804034418/https://www.airforcemag.com/new-missile-warning-satellite-set-to-launch-will-complete-sbirs-constellation/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milsatmagazine.com/story.php?number=1723081952">"MilsatMagazine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520154632/http://milsatmagazine.com/story.php?number=1723081952">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReam2021" class="citation web cs1">Ream, Margaret (29 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dafhistory.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/2886931/space-systems-command-ussf/">"Space Systems Command USSF"</a>. Air Force Historical Research Agency.</cite></span>

</li>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHistory_Office2003" class="citation web cs1">History Office (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.losangeles.spaceforce.mil/Portals/16/documents/AFD-120802-071.pdf">"Historical Overview of the Space and Missile Systems Center, 1954-2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Los Angeles AFB, CA: Space and Missile Systems Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="United_States_Space_Force10602" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Department of the Air Force</a>

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary of the Air Force</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Under Secretary of the Air Force">Under Secretary of the Air Force</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Structure_of_the_United_States_Space_Force#Space_Staff" title="Structure of the United States Space Force">Space Staff</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chief_of_Space_Operations" title="Chief of Space Operations">Chief of Space Operations</a></li>

<li><a href="Vice_Chief_of_Space_Operations" title="Vice Chief of Space Operations">Vice Chief of Space Operations</a></li>

<li><a href="Chief_Master_Sergeant_of_the_Space_Force" title="Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force">Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force</a></li>

<li><a href="Director_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Director of Staff of the United States Space Force">Director of Staff</a></li>

<li><a href="Deputy_Chief_of_Space_Operations" title="Deputy Chief of Space Operations">Deputy Chiefs of Space Operations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_active_duty_United_States_Space_Force_general_officers" title="List of active duty United States Space Force general officers">General Officers</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_United_States_Space_Force_four-star_generals" title="List of United States Space Force four-star generals">Generals</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_United_States_Space_Force_lieutenant_generals" title="List of United States Space Force lieutenant generals">Lieutenant Generals</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Oversight566" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Oversight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House Armed Services Committee</a>

<ul><li><a href="United_States_House_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Strategic_Forces" title="United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces">Strategic Forces subcommittee</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate Committee on Armed Services</a>

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Senate_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Strategic_Forces" title="United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces">Strategic Forces subcommittee</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Structure_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Structure of the United States Space Force">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Field commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Futures_Command" title="Space Futures Command">Space Futures Command</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Operations_Command" title="Space Operations Command">Space Operations Command</a>

<ul><li><a href="Commander_of_Space_Operations_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of Space Operations Command">Commander</a></li></ul></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Commander_of_Space_Systems_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of Space Systems Command">Commander</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space_Training_and_Readiness_Command" title="Space Training and Readiness Command">Space Training and Readiness Command</a>

<ul><li><a href="Commander_of_Space_Training_and_Readiness_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of Space Training and Readiness Command">Commander</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Component Field<br> Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Space_Forces_%E2%80%93_Central" title="United States Space Forces – Central">United States Space Forces – Central</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Space_Forces_%E2%80%93_Europe_and_Africa" title="United States Space Forces – Europe and Africa">United States Space Forces – Europe and Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Space_Forces_%E2%80%93_Indo-Pacific" title="United States Space Forces – Indo-Pacific">United States Space Forces – Indo-Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Space_Forces_%E2%80%93_Korea" title="United States Space Forces – Korea">United States Space Forces – Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Space_Forces_%E2%80%93_Space" title="United States Space Forces – Space">United States Space Forces – Space</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Deltas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Delta_1" title="Space Delta 1">Space Delta 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_Delta_2" title="Mission Delta 2">Mission Delta 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_Delta_3" title="Mission Delta 3">Mission Delta 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_Delta_4" title="Mission Delta 4">Mission Delta 4</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Delta_5" title="Space Delta 5">Space Delta 5</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Delta_6" title="Space Delta 6">Space Delta 6</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Delta_7" title="Space Delta 7">Space Delta 7</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Delta_8" title="Space Delta 8">Space Delta 8</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Delta_9" title="Space Delta 9">Space Delta 9</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Delta_10" title="Space Delta 10">Space Delta 10</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Delta_11" title="Space Delta 11">Space Delta 11</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Delta_12" title="Space Delta 12">Space Delta 12</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Delta_13" title="Space Delta 13">Space Delta 13</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Delta_15" title="Space Delta 15">Space Delta 15</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Delta_18" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Delta 18">Space Delta 18</a></li>

<li>Space Delta 21</li>

<li><a href="Space_Delta_23" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Delta 23">Space Delta 23</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Delta_26" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Delta 26">Space Delta 26</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Launch_Delta_30" title="Space Launch Delta 30">Space Launch Delta 30</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_Delta_31" title="Mission Delta 31">Mission Delta 31</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Launch_Delta_45" title="Space Launch Delta 45">Space Launch Delta 45</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Base_Delta_1" title="Space Base Delta 1">Space Base Delta 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Base_Delta_2" title="Space Base Delta 2">Space Base Delta 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Base_Delta_3" title="Space Base Delta 3">Space Base Delta 3</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="1st_Delta_Operations_Squadron" title="1st Delta Operations Squadron">1st Delta Operations</a></li>

<li><a href="319th_Combat_Training_Squadron" title="319th Combat Training Squadron">319th Combat Training</a></li>

<li><a href="328th_Weapons_Squadron" title="328th Weapons Squadron">328th Weapons</a></li>

<li><a href="392d_Combat_Training_Squadron" title="392d Combat Training Squadron">392d Combat Training</a></li>

<li><a href="533rd_Training_Squadron" title="533rd Training Squadron">533rd Training</a></li>

<li><a href="21st_Operations_Support_Squadron" title="21st Operations Support Squadron">21st Operations Support</a></li>

<li><a href="15th_Space_Surveillance_Squadron" title="15th Space Surveillance Squadron">15th Space Surveillance</a></li>

<li><a href="18th_Space_Defense_Squadron" title="18th Space Defense Squadron">18th Space Defense</a></li>

<li><a href="19th_Space_Defense_Squadron" title="19th Space Defense Squadron">19th Space Defense</a></li>

<li><a href="20th_Space_Surveillance_Squadron" title="20th Space Surveillance Squadron">20th Space Surveillance</a></li>

<li><a href="721st_Operations_Support_Squadron" title="721st Operations Support Squadron">3rd Combat Training</a></li>

<li><a href="2nd_Space_Warning_Squadron" title="2nd Space Warning Squadron">2nd Space Warning</a></li>

<li><a href="3rd_Satellite_Communications_Squadron" title="3rd Satellite Communications Squadron">3rd satellite Communications</a></li>

<li><a href="5th_Space_Warning_Squadron" title="5th Space Warning Squadron">5th Space Warning</a></li>

<li><a href="6th_Space_Warning_Squadron" title="6th Space Warning Squadron">6th Space Warning</a></li>

<li><a href="7th_Space_Warning_Squadron" title="7th Space Warning Squadron">7th Space Warning</a></li>

<li><a href="10th_Space_Warning_Squadron" title="10th Space Warning Squadron">10th Space Warning</a></li>

<li><a href="11th_Space_Warning_Squadron" title="11th Space Warning Squadron">11th Space Warning</a></li>

<li><a href="12th_Space_Warning_Squadron" title="12th Space Warning Squadron">12th Space Warning</a></li>

<li><a href="13th_Space_Warning_Squadron" title="13th Space Warning Squadron">13th Space Warning</a></li>

<li><a href="55th_Combat_Training_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="55th Combat Training Squadron">55th Training</a></li>

<li><a href="21st_Space_Operations_Squadron" title="21st Space Operations Squadron">21st Space Operations</a></li>

<li><a href="22nd_Space_Operations_Squadron" title="22nd Space Operations Squadron">22nd Space Operations</a></li>

<li><a href="23rd_Space_Operations_Squadron" title="23rd Space Operations Squadron">23rd Space Operations</a></li>

<li>62nd Cyberspace</li>

<li>63rd Cyberspace</li>

<li><a href="64th_Cyberspace_Squadron" title="64th Cyberspace Squadron">64th Cyberspace</a></li>

<li><a href="65th_Cyberspace_Squadron" title="65th Cyberspace Squadron">65th Cyberspace</a></li>

<li><a href="68th_Cyberspace_Squadron" title="68th Cyberspace Squadron">68th Cyberspace</a></li>

<li><a href="69th_Cyberspace_Squadron" title="69th Cyberspace Squadron">69th Cyberspace</a></li>

<li>645th Cyberspace</li>

<li><a href="1st_Space_Operations_Squadron" title="1st Space Operations Squadron">1st Space Operations</a></li>

<li><a href="2nd_Navigation_Warfare_Squadron" title="2nd Navigation Warfare Squadron">2nd Navigation Warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="3rd_Space_Operations_Squadron" title="3rd Space Operations Squadron">3rd Space Operations</a></li>

<li><a href="4th_Space_Operations_Squadron" title="4th Space Operations Squadron">4th Space Operations</a></li>

<li><a href="10th_Space_Operations_Squadron" title="10th Space Operations Squadron">10th Space Operations</a></li>

<li><a href="53rd_Space_Operations_Squadron" title="53rd Space Operations Squadron">53rd Space Operations</a></li>

<li><a href="527th_Space_Aggressor_Squadron" title="527th Space Aggressor Squadron">527th Space Aggressor</a></li>

<li><a href="1st_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron" title="1st Test and Evaluation Squadron">1st Test and Evaluation</a></li>

<li><a href="3rd_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron" title="3rd Test and Evaluation Squadron">3rd Test and Evaluation</a></li>

<li><a href="17th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron" title="17th Test and Evaluation Squadron">17th Test and Evaluation</a></li>

<li><a href="25th_Space_Range_Squadron" title="25th Space Range Squadron">25th Space Range</a></li>

<li><a href="2nd_Space_Launch_Squadron" title="2nd Space Launch Squadron">2nd Space Launch</a></li>

<li><a href="5th_Space_Launch_Squadron" title="5th Space Launch Squadron">5th Space Launch</a></li>

<li><a href="1st_Range_Operations_Squadron" title="1st Range Operations Squadron">1st Range Operations</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Direct reporting units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Development_Agency" title="Space Development Agency">Space Development Agency</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Rapid_Capabilities_Office" title="Space Rapid Capabilities Office">Space Rapid Capabilities Office</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Warfighting_Analysis_Center" title="Space Warfighting Analysis Center">Space Warfighting Analysis Center</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Space Force Bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Buckley_Space_Force_Base" title="Buckley Space Force Base">Buckley</a></li>

<li><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Space_Force_Base" title="Patrick Space Force Base">Patrick</a></li>

<li><a href="Peterson_Space_Force_Base" title="Peterson Space Force Base">Peterson</a></li>

<li><a href="Schriever_Space_Force_Base" title="Schriever Space Force Base">Schriever</a></li>

<li><a href="Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Space Bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Space Force Stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a></li>

<li><a href="Cavalier_Space_Force_Station" title="Cavalier Space Force Station">Cavalier</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheyenne_Mountain_Space_Force_Station" title="Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station">Cheyenne Mountain</a></li>

<li><a href="Clear_Space_Force_Station" title="Clear Space Force Station">Clear</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaena_Point_Space_Force_Station" title="Kaena Point Space Force Station">Kaena Point</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Boston_Space_Force_Station" title="New Boston Space Force Station">New Boston</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel<br>and training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_United_States_Space_Force_astronauts" title="List of United States Space Force astronauts">Astronauts</a></li>

<li><a href="Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Air Force">Awards and decorations</a></li>

<li><a href="Badges_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Badges of the United States Space Force">Badges</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Space_Force_rank_insignia" title="United States Space Force rank insignia">Ranks</a></li>

<li>Training

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">Academy</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_Force_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps" title="Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps">Reserve Officer Training Corps</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_Force_Officer_Training_School" title="Air Force Officer Training School">Officer Training School</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Air_Force_Basic_Military_Training" title="United States Air Force Basic Military Training">Basic Military Training</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Uniforms of the United States Space Force">Uniforms</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History and<br>traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Force_Delta" title="Space Force Delta">Delta</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Semper_Supra_(march)" title="Semper Supra (march)">"Semper Supra"</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_%26_Space_Forces_Association" title="Air & Space Forces Association">Air & Space Forces Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Force_Association" title="Space Force Association">Space Force Association</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Former_wings_and_deltas314" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Former wings and deltas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="21st_Space_Wing" title="21st Space Wing">21st Space Wing</a></li>

<li><a href="50th_Space_Wing" title="50th Space Wing">50th Space Wing</a></li>

<li><a href="460th_Space_Wing" title="460th Space Wing">460th Space Wing</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Training_and_Readiness_Delta_(Provisional)" title="Space Training and Readiness Delta (Provisional)">Space Training and Readiness Delta (Provisional)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px_Space_Operations_Command6518" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="23px_Space_Operations_Command6518" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Space_Operations_Command" title="Space Operations Command">Space Operations Command</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Numbered_Air_Force" title="Numbered Air Force">Air Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fourteenth_Air_Force" title="Fourteenth Air Force">Fourteenth (Strategic)</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Space_Training_and_Readiness_Command" title="Space Training and Readiness Command">Space Innovation and Development</a></li>

<li><a href="614th_Air_Operations_Center" title="614th Air Operations Center">614th Air and Space Operations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Buckley_Space_Force_Base" title="Buckley Space Force Base">Buckley</a></li>

<li><a href="Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Space_Force_Base" title="Patrick Space Force Base">Patrick</a></li>

<li><a href="Peterson_Space_Force_Base" title="Peterson Space Force Base">Peterson</a></li>

<li><a href="Schriever_Space_Force_Base" title="Schriever Space Force Base">Schriever</a></li>

<li><a href="Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Thule</a></li>

<li><a href="Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a></li>

<li><a href="Cavalier_Space_Force_Station" title="Cavalier Space Force Station">Cavalier</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheyenne_Mountain_Space_Force_Station" title="Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station">Cheyenne Mountain</a></li>

<li><a href="Clear_Space_Force_Station" title="Clear Space Force Station">Clear</a></li>

<li><a href="Eldorado_Air_Force_Station" title="Eldorado Air Force Station">Eldorado <small>(closed)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Kaena_Point_Space_Force_Station" title="Kaena Point Space Force Station">Kaena Point</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Boston_Space_Force_Station" title="New Boston Space Force Station">New Boston</a></li>

<li><a href="Onizuka_Air_Force_Station" title="Onizuka Air Force Station">Onizuka <small>(closed)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Space wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air Base groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>821st Air Base Group</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Squadrons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Command and Control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="55th_Mobile_Command_and_Control_Squadron" title="55th Mobile Command and Control Squadron">55th Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="153d_Command_and_Control_Squadron" title="153d Command and Control Squadron">721st Mobile</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Space Control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Space Launch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><b>3d Space Launch Squadron</b></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Space Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><b><a href="Air_Force_Space_Command_Space_Operations_Squadron" title="Air Force Space Command Space Operations Squadron">AFSPC</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Space Warning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="nobold">Others</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><b><a href="26th_Space_Aggressor_Squadron" title="26th Space Aggressor Squadron">26th Space Aggressor (AFRC)</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="527th_Space_Aggressor_Squadron" title="527th Space Aggressor Squadron">527th Space Aggressor (ACC)</a></b></li>

<li><a href="3d_Space_Communications_Squadron" title="3d Space Communications Squadron">3d Space Communications</a></li>

<li><b><a href="69th_Cyberspace_Squadron" title="69th Cyberspace Squadron">50th Space Communications</a></b></li>

<li><a href="850th_Space_Communications_Squadron" title="850th Space Communications Squadron">850th Space Communications</a></li>

<li>1st Space Development Squadron</li>

<li>2d Space Development Squadron</li>

<li>3d Space Development Squadron</li>

<li><a href="3rd_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron" title="3rd Test and Evaluation Squadron">3rd Space Experimentation</a></li>

<li><a href="1st_Space_Surveillance_Squadron" title="1st Space Surveillance Squadron">1st Space Surveillance</a></li>

<li><a href="3rd_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron" title="3rd Test and Evaluation Squadron">3d Space Surveillance</a></li>

<li><a href="5th_Electromagnetic_Warfare_Squadron" title="5th Electromagnetic Warfare Squadron">5th Space Surveillance</a></li>

<li><b><a href="1st_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron" title="1st Test and Evaluation Squadron">1st Air and Space Test</a></b></li>

<li>2d Test Operations Squadron</li>

<li>3d Space Test Squadron</li>

<li>4th Space Test Squadron</li>

<li><a href="55th_Space_Weather_Squadron" title="55th Space Weather Squadron">55th Space Weather</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_research_and_development_agencies_of_the_United_States_(list)1072" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Federal_research_and_development_agencies_of_the_United_States_(list)1072" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Federal <a href="Science_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Science policy of the United States">research and development agencies</a> of the United States (<a href="List_of_United_States_research_and_development_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States research and development agencies">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br>agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF)</li>

<li><a href="NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA)</li>

<li><a href="United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> Office of Research and Development</li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_Advanced_Research_Projects_Activity" title="Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity">Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity</a> (IARPA)</li>

<li><a href="Smithsonian_Institution#Smithsonian_research_centers_and_programs" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution research centers and programs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> (ARS)</li>

<li><a href="National_Institute_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="National Institute of Food and Agriculture">National Institute of Food and Agriculture</a> (NIFA)</li>

<li><a href="Economic_Research_Service" title="Economic Research Service">Economic Research Service</a> (ERS)</li>

<li><a href="United_States_Forest_Service#Research_Stations_and_Research_Work_Units" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service Research and Development</a> (R&D)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST)</li>

<li><a href="National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Army_Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command" title="United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command">Army Combat Capabilities Development Command</a> (CCDCOM)

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Army Research Laboratory">Army Research Laboratory</a> (ARL)</li>

<li><a href="Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command_Soldier_Center" title="Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center">Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center</a> (CCDCSC)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Army_CCDC_Armaments_Center" title="United States Army CCDC Armaments Center">CCDC Armaments Center</a> (CCDCAC)

<ul><li><a href="Picatinny_Arsenal" title="Picatinny Arsenal">Picatinny Arsenal</a></li>

<li><a href="Ben%C3%A9t_Laboratories" title="Benét Laboratories">Benét Laboratories</a></li>

<li><a href="Watervliet_Arsenal" title="Watervliet Arsenal">Watervliet Arsenal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Army_Test_and_Evaluation_Command" title="United States Army Test and Evaluation Command">Test and Evaluation Command</a> (ATEC)</li>

<li><a href="United_States_Army_Medical_Research_and_Development_Command" title="United States Army Medical Research and Development Command">United States Army Medical Research and Development Command</a> (USAMRDC)</li>

<li><a href="Engineer_Research_and_Development_Center" title="Engineer Research and Development Center">Engineer Research and Development Center</a> (ERDC)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine Corps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Marine_Corps_Combat_Development_Command" title="Marine Corps Combat Development Command">Marine Corps Combat Development Command</a> (MCCDC)</li>

<li><a href="United_States_Marine_Corps_Warfighting_Laboratory" title="United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory">Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory</a> (MCWL)</li>

<li><a href="Marine_Corps_Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Activity" title="Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity">Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity</a> (MCOTEA)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a> (ONR)

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory">Naval Research Laboratory</a> (NRL)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Naval_Medical_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Medical Research Center">Naval Medical Research Center</a> (NMRC)</li>

<li>Naval Warfare Centers

<li><a href="Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Surface Warfare Center">Surface</a> (NSWC)</li>

<li><a href="Naval_Undersea_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Undersea Warfare Center">Undersea</a> (NUWC)</li>

<li><a href="Naval_Command%2C_Control_and_Ocean_Surveillance_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center">Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance</a> (NCCOSC)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Naval_Air_Weapons_Station_China_Lake" title="Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake">Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake</a> (NAWS)</li>

<li><a href="Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a> (NPS)</li>

<li><a href="Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Force" title="Operational Test and Evaluation Force">Operational Test and Evaluation Force</a> (OPTEVFOR)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel Command">Air Force Materiel Command</a> (AFMC)

<ul><li><a href="Air_Armament_Center" title="Air Armament Center">Air Armament Center</a> (AAC)</li>

<li><a href="Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a> (AFRL)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Air_Force_Life_Cycle_Management_Center" title="Air Force Life Cycle Management Center">Air Force Life Cycle Management Center</a> (AFLCMC)</li>

<li><a href="Air_Force_Nuclear_Weapons_Center" title="Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center">Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center</a> (NWC)</li>

<li><a href="Air_Force_Institute_of_Technology" title="Air Force Institute of Technology">Air Force Institute of Technology</a> (AFIT)</li>

<li><a href="Air_Force_Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Center" title="Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center">Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center</a> (AFOTEC)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA)</li>

<li><a href="Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences" title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences</a> (USU)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Institute_of_Education_Sciences" title="Institute of Education Sciences">Institute of Education Sciences</a> (IES)</li>

<li><a href="National_Institute_on_Disability%2C_Independent_Living%2C_and_Rehabilitation_Research" title="National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research">National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research</a> (NIDILRR)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science">Office of Science</a> (DOE SC)</li>

<li><a href="ARPA-E" title="ARPA-E">Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy</a> (ARPA-E)</li>

<li><a href="United_States_Department_of_Energy_National_Laboratories" title="United States Department of Energy National Laboratories">National Laboratories</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Health and<br>Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH)</li>

<li><a href="National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH)</li>

<li><a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration#Science_and_research_programs" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration science and research programs</a></li>

<li><a href="Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality</a> (AHRQ)</li>

<li><a href="Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority" title="Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority">Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority</a> (BARDA)</li>

<li><a href="Center_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Innovation" title="Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation">Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation</a> (CMMI)</li>

<li><a href="Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency_for_Health" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health">Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health</a> (ARPA-H)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DHS_Science_and_Technology_Directorate" title="DHS Science and Technology Directorate">Science and Technology Directorate</a> (S&T)</li>

<li><a href="United_States_Coast_Guard_Research_and_Development_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Coast Guard Research and Development Center">Coast Guard Research and Development Center </a> (CG RDC)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of Justice">National Institute of Justice</a> (NIJ)</li>

<li><a href="FBI_Science_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Science and Technology Branch">FBI Science and Technology Branch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Research_and_Innovative_Technology_Administration" title="Research and Innovative Technology Administration">Research and Innovative Technology Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> Research, Engineering, and Development</li>

<li><a href="Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> Research and Technology</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Office_of_Financial_Research" title="Office of Financial Research">Office of Financial Research</a> (OFR)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Veterans_Health_Administration_Office_of_Research_and_Development" title="Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development">Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development</a> (ORD)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office<br>of the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a> (OSTP)

<ul><li><a href="U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">U.S. Global Change Research Program</a> (USGCRP)</li>

<li><a href="Networking_and_Information_Technology_Research_and_Development" title="Networking and Information Technology Research and Development">Networking and Information Technology Research and Development</a> Program (NITRD)</li>

<li><a href="National_Nanotechnology_Initiative" title="National Nanotechnology Initiative">National Nanotechnology Initiative</a> (NNI)</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_House_Committee_on_Science%2C_Space%2C_and_Technology" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology">House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce%2C_Science%2C_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Office of Technology Assessment</a> (OTA) <i>(defunct)</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Defence_Materiel_Procurement_Agencies103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Defence_Materiel_Procurement_Agencies103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Defence <a href="Military_acquisition" title="Military acquisition">Materiel Procurement</a> Agencies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Capability_Acquisition_and_Sustainment_Group" title="Capability Acquisition and Sustainment Group">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate_General_of_Defence_Purchase_(Bangladesh)" title="Directorate General of Defence Purchase (Bangladesh)">Bangladesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Danish_Defence_Acquisition_and_Logistics_Organization" title="Danish Defence Acquisition and Logistics Organization">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_l'armement" title="Direction générale de l'armement">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_Office_of_Bundeswehr_Equipment%2C_Information_Technology_and_In-Service_Support" title="Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support">Germany</a></li>

<li>Ireland (<a href="Naval_Support_Command_(Ireland)" title="Naval Support Command (Ireland)">Navy</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Directorate_of_Defence_Research_%26_Development" title="Directorate of Defence Research & Development">Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Acquisition%2C_Technology_%26_Logistics_Agency" title="Acquisition, Technology & Logistics Agency">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Materiel_and_IT_Command" title="Materiel and IT Command">Netherlands</a></li>

<li>Norway</li>

<li><a href="Defence_Science_and_Technology_Agency" title="Defence Science and Technology Agency">Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Defense_Acquisition_Program_Administration" title="Defense Acquisition Program Administration">South Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_Defence_Materiel_Administration" title="Swedish Defence Materiel Administration">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Armasuisse" title="Armasuisse">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Armaments_Bureau" title="Armaments Bureau">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Defence_Industry_Agency" title="Defence Industry Agency">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Defence_Equipment_and_Support" title="Defence Equipment and Support">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li>United States (<a href="Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel Command">Air Force</a>, <a href="United_States_Army_Materiel_Command" title="United States Army Materiel Command">Army</a>, <a href="Marine_Corps_Systems_Command" title="Marine Corps Systems Command">Marine Corps</a>, <a href="United_States_Navy_systems_commands" title="United States Navy systems commands">Navy</a>, )</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_multilateral_defence_procurement" title="European multilateral defence procurement">Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Defence_Agency" title="European Defence Agency">European Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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